Read anywhere, anytime
justus-liebig-universitat_giessen - Karnati, Srikanth
Description
Subjects
Informations
Published by | justus-liebig-universitat_giessen |
Published | 01 January 2009 |
Reads | 13 |
Language | English |
Document size | 7 MB |
Exrait
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
PEROXISOMES AND PATHOLOGICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF PEROXISOMAL
DYSFUNCTION IN THE LUNG
SRIKANTH KARNATI
INAUGURAL DISSERTATION
submitted to the Faculty of Medicine
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the PhD-degree of the
Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine
édition scientifique of the Justus Liebig University Giessen
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG ISBN 3-8359-5434-2
STAUFENBERGRING 15
D-35396 GIESSEN
Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: -5599890
redaktion@doktorverlag.de
www.doktorverlag.de 9 7 8 3 8 3 5 9 5 4 3 4 2
édition scientifique
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAGVVB
KARNATI SRIKANTH PEROXISOMES IN MOUSE AND HUMAN LUNG. Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt.
Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Autors
oder des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für
Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen
und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch
elektronische Systeme.
1. Auflage 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the Author or the Publishers.
st1 Edition 2009
© 2009 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen
Printed in Germany
édition scientifique
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG
STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN
Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: 0641-5599890
email: redaktion@doktorverlag.de
www.doktorverlag.deFunctional characterization of peroxisomes and
pathological consequences of peroxisomal
dysfunction in the lung.
Inaugural Dissertation
submitted to the
Faculty of Medicine
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the PhD-degree
of the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine
of the Justus Liebig University Giessen
by
Srikanth Karnati
of
Suryapet, India
Giessen 2009
From the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II
of the Faculty of Medicine of the Justus Liebig University of Giessen
Director / Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
First Supervisor and Committee Member: Prof. Dr. Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
Second Supervisor and Committee Member: Prof. Dr. Peter Gehr (Bern)
Examination chair and Committee Member: Prof. Dr. Martin Diener
Committee Member: Prof. Dr. Ralph Brehm
Date of Doctoral Defense
th14 Aug 2009
Declaration
“I declare that I have completed this dissertation single-handedly without the
unauthorized help of a second party and only with the assistance acknowledged
therein. I have appropriately acknowledged and referenced all text passages that
are derived literally from or are based on the content of published or unpublished
work of others, and all information that relates to verbal communications. I have
abided by the principles of good scientific conduct laid down in the charter of the
Justus Liebig University of Giessen in carrying out the investigations described in
the dissertation.”
thDate: 14 Aug 2009 (Srikanth Karnati)
Place: Giessen, Germany
My parents
Karnati Swarajya Laxmi, Karnati Sathyanarayana
My wife
Porwal Manvi
And
My family
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 DISCOVERY OF PEROXISOMES AND PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES .............................................................. 1
1.2 GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF PEROXISOMES ........................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 The peroxisomal β‐oxidation system ................................................... 4
1.2.1.1 Peroxisomal β‐oxidation enzymes ....................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol and ether‐phospholipids in peroxisomes ........ 7
1.3 BIOGENESIS OF PEROXISOMES ..................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Peroxisomal targeting signals ............................................................. 8
1.3.2 Docking of the cargo‐receptor complex to the peroxisomal membrane .................... 9
1.3.3 Translocation, dissociation and receptor cycling ...................................................... 10
1.3.4 Import and assembly of peroxisomal membrane proteins ................ 10
1.3.5 Peroxisome growth and division ....................................................... 11
1.3.6 somal diseases ......................................................................... 12
1.4 PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PEX11β DEFICIENCY ................ 13
1.5 ANIMALS MODELS FOR GENERAL PEROXISOMAL BIOGENESIS DISORDERS (PEX5, PEX2 AND PEX13
KNOCKOUT MICE) ........................................................................................................................ 14
1.6 CONTROL OF PEROXISOME ABUNDANCE AND COMPOSITION BY THE ACTION OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS ...... 14
1.6.1 Functions of PPARγ in organ systems . 15
1.6.2 PPARs in the lung ....................................................................................................... 16
1.6.3 Molecular mechanisms of PPAR transcription .......................................................... 16
1.7 RESEARCH SO FAR DONE ON PEROXISOMES IN MOUSE AND HUMAN LUNGS .................. 17
1.8 PEROXISOMES IN DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF THE LUNG ........................... 18
1.9 PEROXISOMAL METABOLIC CHANGES DURING TRANSITION OF AECII TO AECI ............. 18
1.10 PEROXISOMES IN HUMAN LUNG DISEASES ................................................................................. 19
2 AIMS OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 20
3 MATERIALS & METHODS .................................................................................................. 22
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS .............................................................. 22
3.1.1 Experimental animals and patient characteristics .................................................... 22
3.2 LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS, GENERAL MATERIALS, PROTEINS AND CHEMICALS ............. 23
3.2.1 Kits ............................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Buffer solutions .......................................................................................................... 26
3.2.3 Antibodies .......................................................................................... 27
3.2.4 Primers ......................................................................... 27
4 METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 30
4.1 TECHNIQUES FOR LIGHT AND FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY ............................................................. 30
4.1.1 Fixation of mouse lungs for light microscopy by tracheal instillation . 30
4.1.2 Immersion fixation of human lungs .......................................................................... 31
4.1.3 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the ABC‐peroxidase method ............................... 31
‐/‐ 4.1.4 Indirect immunofluorescence on paraffin sections of wildtype and PEX11β mouse
and human and lung tissue .......................................................................... 32
4.1.5 Indirect on freshly isolated or cultured AECII .......................... 33
4.2 TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ........................................................... 33
4.2.1 Fixation and embedding for routine electron microscopy .................. 33
4.2.2 Cytochemical localization of the catalase activity with the alkaline DAB‐method ... 34
4.2.3 Post‐embedding immunoelectron microscopy .......................................................... 34
4.2.4 Illustrations ........................................................................................ 35
4.3 BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ................................ 35
4.3.1 Isolation of enriched peroxisomal fractions from frozen lung and liver tissue by
differential centrifugation .................................................................................................. 35
4.3.2 Subcellular fractionation of primary AECII for enriched peroxisomal fractions ........ 35
4.3.3 Subcellular ation of adult mouse liver for enriched peroxisomal fractions .. 36
4.3.4 Western blotting ........................................................................................................ 36
4.3.5 Catalase activity assay ...................................................................... 37
4.4 MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES ................................................................. 37
4.4.1 RNA isolation ....................................... 37
4.4.2 cDNA synthesis .................................................................................. 38
4.4.2.1 DNase I digestion ........................................................................ 38
4.4.2.2 Reverse Transcription ................................................................... 38
4.4.3 Primer design ............................................................................................................. 39
4.4.3.1 Exon‐specific primers ......................................... 39
4.4.3.2 Intron‐spanning primers .............................................................. 39
4.4.4 Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) ................ 40
4.4.5 Gel electrophoresis .................................................................................................... 41
4.4.5.1 Formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of RNA integrity ......... 41
4.4.5.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis for the analysis of RT‐PCR products ..................... 41
4.5 CELL CULTURE METHODS ......................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1 Isolation of AECII from adult mouse lungs .................. 41
4.5.2 Primary Culture of AECII ...................................................................... 42
5 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF PEROXISOMES IN MOUSE AND HUMAN LUNG TISSUE WITH VARIOUS
MORPHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................................... 43
5.1.1 Catalase‐ and Pex14p are detectable in individual peroxisomes of various cell types
in mouse and human lungs by immunohistochemistry with the ABC‐peroxidase technique
............................................................................................................................................ 43
5.1.2 Double‐immunofluorescence labelling reactions confirm the presence of
peroxisomes in all pulmonary cell types and reveal the heterogeneity in peroxisomal
protein content ................................................................................................................... 46
5.1.3 Peroxisomes in AECI contain lower levels of catalase, but high levels of β‐oxidation
enzymes and the lipid transporter ABCD3................................................... 48
5.1.4 Peroxisomes in mouse AECII are often tubular, larger in size than in other cell types
and show a close association with lamellar bodies .................................... 50
5.1.5 Post‐embedding protein A‐gold immunocytochemistry for catalase localization
revealed exclusive labelling of peroxisomes ................................................ 51
5.1.6 Peroxisomes are present in all cell types of human donor lungs, are most abundant
in AECII and macrophages and show heterogeneity of their enzyme content .................. 53
5.1.7 The difference in the distribution and expression of distinct peroxisomal proteins in
samples of human and mouse lungs are also revealed in Western blotting experiments 54
5.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF PEROXISOMES IN HIGHLY PURIFIED FRESHLY ISOLATED OR CULTURED MOUSE
AECII………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
5.2.1 Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the high purity of the isolated AECII
preparations ....................................................................................................................... 57
5.2.2 Subcellular fractionation of primary AECII revealed a high enrichment of AECII
peroxisomes with ACOX1.................................................................................................... 58
5.2.3 Downregulation of peroxisomal enzymes during transition of AECII to AECI ........... 60
5.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF PEROXISOMAL PROTEINS DURING THE NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUNG ... 64
5.3.1 The mRNA expression levels of peroxisomal docking complex proteins decrease
during the postnatal development of the lung. ................................................................. 64
5.3.2 The mRNA level of the peroxisomal lipid transporter, ABCD3 exhibited the biggest
differences in expression levels during the postnatal development. .......... 64
5.3.3 The mRNA levels for peroxisomal peroxiredoxins are lower expressed in newborn
mouse lungs compared to adult animals ........................................................................... 65
5.3.4 Differential mRNA expression levels of ROS metabolizing enzymes of different
subcellular compartments ................................................... 67
5.3.5 No changes in the mRNA levels of cell‐type‐specific differentiation markers and of
surfactant proteins were noted .......................................................................................... 67
5.3.6 Downregulation of catalase activity during the postnatal development of the lung 67
5.4 PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PEROXISOME‐DYSFUNCTION IN THE LUNG. A STUDY WITH PEX11β KO
MICE ......................................................................................................................................... 68
5.4.1 Upregulation of peroxisomal biogenesis proteins in PEX11β deficient mouse lungs 68
5.4.2 Increased mRNA and protein levels of peroxisomal lipid transporter and β‐oxidation
enzymes of pathway 1 ........................................................................................................ 70
5.4.3 Imbalance of peroxisomal antioxidative enzymes in PEX11β deficient lungs ........... 70
5.4.4 Alterations of antioxidant enzymes in other subcellular compartments .................. 70
5.4.5 of cell type‐specific marker proteins in the PEX11β KO lungs ................ 74
5.4.5.1 A severe downregulation of the Clara cell protein CC10 occured in the lung of
PEX11β‐KO mice. ............................................................................................................ 74
5.4.5.2 Distinct alterations of surfactant proteins due to PEX11β deficiency ............... 75
5.4.5.3 Alterations of the type I cell marker T1α/podoplanin ....................................... 75
5.4.6 Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of WT, PEX11β HZ and KO lungs ....................... 78
5.4.6.1 Severe alterations of expression levels of multiple mRNAs encoding for
peroxisomal biogenesis, and lipid metabolic proteins in PEX11β KO mouse lungs ...... 78
5.4.6.2 Imbalance of mRNA levels for ROS metabolizing enzymes of distinct subcellular
compartments ................................................................................................................ 78
5.4.6.3 Alterations of expression levels of the mRNAs encoding for peroxisomal
proliferator activated receptors in PEX11β KO mouse lungs ......................................... 79
5.4.6.4 Regulation of Wnt5a in PEX11β KO mouse lungs ........................ 79
5.4.6.5 Alterations of mRNA levels for cell type‐specific marker proteins and targeting
signalling molecules in PEX11β deficient mouse lungs .......................... 79
5.5 UPREGULATION OF PEROXISOMAL PROTEINS (CATALASE AND PEX14P) IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS IN
LUNG TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS. ................................. 81
6 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 83
6.1 CATALASE AS MARKER FOR PEROXISOMES IN DIFFERENT PULMONARY CELL TYPES ................................ 83
6.2 PEROXISOMES CAN BE BEST VISUALIZED IN MOUSE OR HUMAN LUNGS AT THE LIGHT‐MICROSCOPICAL LEVEL
WITH PEX14P AS MARKER ............................................................................................................. 85
6.3 PEROXISOMAL β‐OXIDATION ENZYMES ARE UBIQUITOUSLY EXPRESSED IN DISTINCT CELL TYPES OF MOUSE
AND HUMAN LUNGS ............................................................................................. 86
Access to the YouScribe library is required to read this work in full.
Discover the services we offer to suit all your requirements!