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Published by | universitat_regensburg |
Published | 01 January 2007 |
Reads | 4 |
Language | English |
Document size | 4 MB |
Exrait
o
Mo
2007
dulation
von
of
P
neural
Universit?t
activit
Garc?a
y
I
in
und
human
wissenschaft)
visual
vo
co
V
rtex
Madrid
during
I
saccade
(Psychologie,
p
?dagogik
rogramming
Sp
Inaugural-Dissertation
rt
zur
der
Erlangung
Regensburg
der
rgelegt
Dokto
Ignacio
rw?rde
allines
der
aus
Philosophischen
Regensburg
F
akult?tmed.
Erstgutac
Prof.
h
Ob
ter:
Marianne
Prof.
W.
Dr.
h
rer.
rer.
nat.
Dr.
Mark
Klaus
W.
Lange
Greenlee
ergutac
Zw
ter:
eitgutac
Dr.
h
nat.
ter:
Hammerl
Prof..
Contents
.
Abb
.
reviations
visual
IX
and
1
.
Intro
.
duction
.
1
.
1.1
.
Saccadic
.
ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
2.1.5
emen
29
ts
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
duction
.
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.
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Retinotop
.
.
.
v
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
1.2
.
The
.
neuroanatom
and
y
.
of
.
saccades
ersus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
in
.
.
.
.
.
this
.
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
30
.
design
.
.
.
.
.
areas
3
.
1.3
.
Saccadic
2.2.4
latencies
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.2.5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
erisaccadic
.
49
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.1.1
.
atten
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.1.4
9
absence
1.4
ulation
The
.
primary
.
visual
.
cortex
ose
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Metho
.
.
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.
.
.
.
Sub
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Stim
10
erimen
1.5
.
BOLD
.
imaging
.
.
.
.
30
.
of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e
.
t
.
.
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.
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.
metho
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
12
.
1.6
.
Measuring
.
ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
.
emen
.
ts
.
in
.
a
.
MR
3
en
activit
vironmen
enhancement
t
In
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ert
.
v
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
.
1.7
.
Statistical
I
parametric
.
mapping
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
.
Saccades
.
the
.
of
.
stim
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
28
.
Purp
.
of
.
study
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
1.8
.
Imaging
.
of
.
the
.
saccadic
.
system
.
in
.
h
2.2
umans
ds
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
19
2.2.1
1.9
jects
Aims
.
of
.
this
.
w
.
ork
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
2.2.2
.
ulation
.
exp
.
tal
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.2.3
.
y
.
visual
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
.
2
.
The
.
non-visual
.
role
.
of
.
V1
.
in
31
o
Ey
culo-moto
mo
r
emen
control
recording
23
.
2.1
.
In
.
tro
.
duction
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
Imaging
.
ds
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
34
.
Results
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
24
.
2.1.1
.
Electroph
.
ysiological
.
evidence
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
35
.
Discussion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
25
.
2.1.2
44
Reexiv
P
e
V1
v
y
ersus
attentional
v
eects
olun
3.1
tary
tro
con
.
trol
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
50
.
Ov
.
v
26
co
2.1.3
ert
Previous
tion
fMRI
.
studies
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
I
.
.Ey
3.1.2
.
Spatial
.
atten
85
tion
Psyc
and
.
saccadic
Purp
ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
.
emen
5
ts
.
.
5.2
.
.
.
5.3.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
51
.
3.1.3
.
Purp
.
ose
.
of
.
this
.
study
in
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
stimuli
.
.
.
.
.
e
.
83
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
52
.
3.2
.
Metho
.
ds
5.3.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
stim
.
ds
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ulation
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
metho
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
of
.
5.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
.
3.2.1
Evidence
Sub
.
jects
.
.
of
.
.
.
.
.
study
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
hoph
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Imaging
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.3.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
of
.
.
.
.
.
Pro
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
emen
.
.
.
89
.
.
.
.
53
.
3.2.2
92
Stim
.
uli
.
and
.
task
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.2.2
.
task
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.2.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.3
.
.
.
.
53
.
3.2.3
.
Ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
.
emen
.
t
4.4
recording
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Supp
.
lo
.
V1
.
tro
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
81
.
an
.
mec
55
.
3.2.4
.
Imaging
.
metho
Previous
ds
suppression
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
83
.
of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ds:
.
part
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Metho
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
55
.
3.2.5
.
Data
jects
Analysis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
lo
.
stim
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
uli
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
88
.
mo
.
recording
.
presen
.
.
.
.
.
Imaging
.
.
.
.
56
.
3.3
.
Results
.
.
.
.
.
.
Data
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
94
.
ysics
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
69
.
Stim
.
and
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
57
.
3.4
.
Discussion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
70
.
Imaging
.
ds
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
71
.
Results
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
.
4
.
Measuring
.
V1
.
BOLD
.
Resp
.
onses
73
to
Discussion
b
.
rief
.
visual
.
stimuli
.
65
.
4.1
.
In
.
tro
.
duction
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
77
.
Saccadic
.
ression
.
retinotopically
.
calized
.
in
.
80
.
In
.
duction
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
66
5.1.1
4.1.1
for
The
activ
slo
suppression
w
hanism
dynamics
.
of
.
the
.
BOLD
.
signal
.
.
.
.
5.1.2
.
studies
.
saccadic
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.1.3
.
ose
.
this
66
.
4.1.2
.
Ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
.
emen
.
ts
.
and
.
retinotop
.
y
.
.
.
.
.
.
84
.
Metho
.
Psyc
.
ysics
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.3
67
ds:
4.1.3
part
Gab
.
or
.
stim
.
uli
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
85
.
Sub
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
85
.
Retinotopic
68
calization
4.1.4
the
Purp
uli
ose
V1
of
.
this
.
study
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
86
.
Stim
.
and
.
cedure
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.3.4
.
e
.
v
.
t
.
and
.
ulus
.
tation
69
.
4.2
.
Metho
.
ds
.
.
5.3.5
.
metho
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.3.6
.
Analysis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
92
.
Results
.
.
.
.
69
.
4.2.1
.
Sub
.
jects
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.4.1
.
hoph
.
data
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
94
..
5.4.2
.
Imaging
.
data
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ration
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
110
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
114
.
wledgements
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
97
uture
5.5
.
Discussion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Conclusions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
113
.
ry
.
A
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
107
.
F
.
directions
.
.
.
.
101
.
6
.
General
.
discussion
.
105
.
6.1
.
The
.
non-retinotopic
.
function
.
of
.
V1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
105
References
6.2
Statuto
The
decla
gate
136
of
ckno
visual
137
consciousnessextrastriate
List
.
of
.
Figures
t
1.1
or
Cortical
2.10
and
.
sub
design
cortical
4.1
saccade
Gab
cen
or
ters
.
.
in
.
attened
.
3.2
.
ert
.
y
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
and
.
saccades
.
extracted
.
.
.
.
.
b
.
43
.
.
.
blo
.
3.3
5
saccades
1.2
.
Diagram
generated
of
ev
cortical
.
and
.
sub
.
cortical
.
structures
en
pro
.
jecting
the
to
.
the
.
brainstem
during
8
.
1.3
a
Retinotopic
OIs.
organization
.
of
trast
the
in
primary
.
visual
activit
cortex
v
.
.
.
description
.
.
.
.
.
e
.
en
.
.
.
patterns
.
tion
.
tralateral
.
and
.
59
11
the
1.4
.
Soft
to
w
a
are-hardw
.
are
4.2
setup
.
arquitecture
.
.
.
.
Retinotopic
.
in
.
.
.
.
.
matrix
.
.
.
.
.
74
.
onse
.
.
.
eri-stim
.
the
.
.
.
activit
.
execution
.
absolute
.
.
.
2.11
.
erage
.
the
15
.
1.5
.
The
.
MR
2.12
ey
for
e
DLPC
trac
.
k
.
er.
.
.
2.13
.
pro
.
saccades
.
on
.
.
.
.
.
Stim
.
the
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
tal
.
during
.
k
.
h
.
.
.
.
.
ctivit
.
co
.
of
.
self
.
3.4
.
y
.
engaged
.
.
.
.
.
A
.
V1
.
during
16
.
2.1
.
Reexiv
deled
e,
train
self
ts
generated
of
saccades
.
and
.
co
.
v
of
ert
.
shifts
.
of
.
visuospatial
.
atten
.
tion
.
28
70
2.2
calization
LED-arra
stim
y
.
set
.
up.
.
.
.
.
4.4
.
SPM
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Estimation
.
dynamic
.
the
.
uli
.
.
.
4.6
.
time
.
HRF
.
or
.
.
.
VI
.
V1
.
y
.
the
.
of
.
in
.
darkness
.
.
.
.
.
39
.
Time-course
.
v
32
signals
2.3
from
T
R
rial
.
description
.
for
.
the
.
three
.
exp
.
erimen
40
tal
Con
conditions.
estimates
.
clusters
.
the
.
and
.
V1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
41
.
V1
32
y
2.4
duced
Net
y
visual
o
input
erlaid
vs.
to
top-do
cortex
wn
.
con
.
trol
.
.
3.1
.
ulation
.
for
.
dieren
.
conditions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
54
.
Horizon
.
ey
.
traces
.
the
.
c
.
ed-ev
.
ts
.
ybrid
33
.
2.5
.
Onset
.
latencies
58
for
A
reexiv
y
e
during
and
v
v
shifts
olitional
atten
saccades.
and
.
guided
.
58
.
Con
.
activit
.
in
.
areas
.
SG
.
CA
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.5
.
ctivit
35
in
2.6
and
Ey
precuneus
e
self
mo
saccades
v
.
emen
.
ts
59
collected
Mo
during
HRF
the
a
MRI
of
sessions.
en
.
as
.
function
.
ISI
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
67
.
Description
.
brief-Gab
.
trials
.
.
36
.
2.7
.
Detail
.
of
.
ey
.
e
.
mo
.
v
.
emen
.
ts
.
collected
.
during
4.3
the
lo
MRI
of
measuremen
or
ts.
uli
.
V1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
.
2.8
.
Ov
.
erlapping
72
areas
Ev
during
t-related
all
design
three
.
t
.
yp
.
es
.
of
.
saccades.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.5
.
of
.
hemo
.
resp
.
to
.
Gab
38
stim
2.9
.
Secondary
.
visual
.
areas
75
selectiv
P
ely
ulus
activ
histogram
ated
tted
during
to
visual
Gab
stim
onset
ulation.
.
.
.
.
76
.
39.
5.1
.
The
.
time-course
SO
of
.
saccadic
sessions.
Suppression
.
.
functions
.
ulated
.
.
.
b
.
5.9
.
.
.
BOLD
.
.
.
tation
.
.
.
results
.
.
.
.
.
96
.
obtained
.
.
.
for
.
.
.
.
82
.
5.2
as
Clusters
participan
enco
.
ding
the
the
task
Gab
.
or
5.7
stim
hoph
uli
.
in
.
V1
.
for
.
eac
.
h
.
participan
Cum
t
vioral
.
the
.
.
.
.
.
arametric
.
GS
.
.
87
.
5.3
.
Estimation
.
of
.
stim
99
ulus
c
onset-latency
function
and
for
duration
.
.
.
.
hometric
.
for
.
orien
.
discrimination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
95
.
Cum
.
psyc
.
ysical
.
.
90
.
5.4
.
Stim
.
ulation
.
description
.
for
.
GS
.
trials
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.8
.
ulated
.
eha
.
results
.
during
.
MR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
98
.
P
.
t
.
the
.
condition
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
91
.
5.5
.
Visual
.
insp
.
ection
.
of
.
the
.
saccadic
5.10
detection
signal
algorithm's
hanges
accuracy
a
.
of
.
A
.
all
.
ts
.
.
.
.
93
.
5.6
100
Phsyc3.2
List
.
of
of
T
v
ables
.
2.1
.
Brain
.
areas
.
signican
during
tly
or
activ
Figure
ated
e
concurren
.
tly
areas
during
the
all
.
three
during
conditions
.
(V
4.1
G+SG+SP).
.
.
stim
.
.
.
VI
.
saccades
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
activ
.
atten
.
guided
.
.
.
.
.
tly
.
self
.
shifts
.
.
.
.
.
enco
.
.
.
Normalized
.
ding
.
h
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
of
.
olun
.
G).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
42
3.1
2.2
tly
Brain
during
areas
shifts
signican
than
tly
of
more
.
activ
.
e
.
during
.
conditions
.
in
areas
whic
activ
h
execution
visual
saccades
stim
v
ulation
atten
w
.
as
.
a
.
v
.
ailable
calized
compared
the
to
uli.
self-paced
.
saccades
77
executed
co
in
clusters
complete
Gab
darkness
for
(V
t
G+SG>SP).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
non-reexiv
.
v
.
tary
.
(SP+SG>V
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
42
42
Brain
2.3
signican
Brain
more
areas
e
signican
co
tly
ert
more
of
activ
tion
e
during
during
execution
the
self
execution
saccades.
of
.
self
.
paced
.
saccades
.
compared
.
to
.
SG
.
and
.
V
57
G
Brain
in
signican
whic
more
h
e
limited
the
visual
of
stim
guided
ulation
than
w
co
as
ert
a
of
v
tion.
ailable
.
(SP>V
.
G+SG).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
57
.
Retinotopically-lo
.
clusters
.
ding
.
Gab
.
stim
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.1
.
MNI
.
ordinates
.
the
.
enco
.
the
.
or
.
uli
.
eac
.
participan
.
(see
.
5.2).
.
.
.
.
42
.
2.4
.
Brain
.
areas
.
signican
.
tly
.
more
.
activ
.
e
86
during
I
the
executionhron
Abb
emp
reviations
cal
A
In
CC
ranscranial
An
GE
terior
Ey
Cingulate
e
Cortex
Mo
ADC
extrastriate
Analog-to-Digital
Nucleus
Con
MR
v
Near
erter
Cortex
BA
SC
Bro
Noise
dmann
erior
Area
Mapping
BOLD
eat
Blo
Stim
o
tials
d
tra
Oxygen
Gradien
Lev
Medial
el
T
Dep
y
enden
P
t
Field
CEF
Time
Cingulate
SEF
Ey
Guided
e
Stim
Field
P
CPU
REM
Cen
SPM
tral
Ec
Pro
TR
cessing
cortex,
Unit
Visually
CRT
LFPs
Catho
P
de
Lateral
Ra
Lateral
y
arietal
T
Prepared
ub
Ec
e
Resonance
dHb
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deo
MT
xygenated
oral
Haemoglobin
Sp
D-ILA
P
Digital
Fields
Direct
P
Driv
Receptiv
e
Region
Image
RT
Ligh
Saccade-only
t
erior
Amplier
tary
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Dorso-Lateral
Signal
Prefron
SO
tal
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EPI
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Ec
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ho
Ey
Planar
emen
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P
ERP
Time
Ev
TMS
en
Stim
t-Related
to
P
primary
oten
cortex
tial
V
FEF
VSG
F
Generator
ron
Lo
tal
Field
Ey
oten
e
LGN
Fields
Geniculate
fMRI
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functional
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Magnetic
P
Resonance
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Imaging
Magnetization
FWHM
RApid
F
t
ull
ho
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Magnetic
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MST
Maxim
Sup
um
T
G
oral
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Middle
or-only
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condition
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Infrared
General
ectroscop
Linear
PEF
Mo
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del
e
Hb
PPC
Haemoglobin.
osterior
Oxigenated
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haemoglobin.
RF
HRF
e
Hemo
ROI
dynamic
Of
Resp
terest
onse
Reaction
F
S
unction
condition
HDR
Sup
Haemo
Colliculus
dynamic
Suplemen
Resp
Ey
onse
Fields
iP
Self
A
SNR
T
to
in
Ratio
tegrated
A
P
ulus
aralell
Async
A
y
cquisition
Self
tec
aced
hnique
Sup
IPS
P
In
Lobule
tra
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P
e
arietal
v
Sulcus
t
IR
Statistical
Infra
arametric
Red
TE
ISI
to
In
ho
ter-Stim
T
ulus
Magnetic
In
ulation
terv
Time
al
Rep
LCD
V1
Liquid
visual
Crystal
Striate
Displa
V2
y
cortex
LED
G
Ligh
Guided
t
Visual
Emmiting
ulus
Dio
IX
dee
1
without
Intro
an
duction
es.
Almost
e
ev
of
ery
v-
living
and
organism
Primate
is
wing
sensitiv
lo
e
structed,
to
Mag-
ligh
w
t,
es
and
from
h
e
umans
wide
dep
to
end
mo
on
to
vision
acuit
more
brain
than
that
on
primary
an
result
y
vided
other
organs
sense.
v
Ov
increase
er
to
a
whereas
third
placed
of
and
our
sensitiv
brain
lev
total
resp
v
the
olume
and
is
rapidly
dev
the
oted
of
to
fo
pro
Despite
cess
it
the
w
v
oin
ast
elicit
amoun
(e.g.
t
y
of
whereas
visual
t
information
is
deliv
y
ered
iden
b
the
y
ts
the
their
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laterally
Ligh
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t
e
receptors
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y
v
ha
e
fron
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p
ed
distance
dieren
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tly
to
in
of
v
ha
arious
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sp
sp
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parts
to
ectrum
attend
colour
to
capable
the
v
needs
bring
of
parts
dieren
scene
t
dense
ecological
photo
nic
in
hes.
ea,
No
is
c-
imp
turnal
ey
sp
in
ecies
our
and
is
those
the
living
for
in
e
the
exp
depths
t
of
phosphenes
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cortex
o
T
cean
Stim
ha
damage
v
p
e
while
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vision
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pro
ed
b
big
t
receptor
o
organs
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in
called
order
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to
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b
ha
e
e
able
ey
to
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tin
vision
y
b
amoun
able
ts
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coming
ligh
an
t
direction,
presen
predators
t
v
in
them
their
tally
en
to
vi-
v
ronmen
depth
ts.
erception
Some
facilitate
in
calculations.
v
ey
ertebrates
are
ha
e
v
a
e
range
ligh
luminance
t-sensitiv
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e
v
cells
retinal
distributed
that
through
ond
their
ecically
b
certain
o
of
dies
sp
and
allo
certain
for
amphibians
vision,
p
are
oses
of
photo-receptors
ving
directly
ery
on
to
to
relev
the
t
encephalon.
of
In
visual
all
on
of
the
them,
mosaic
visual
cone
p
receptors
erception
cated
dep
the
ends
v
on
where
the
y
w
maximal.
a
the
y
ortance
the
the
brain
es,
pro
is
cesses
the
the
where
basic
visual
information
orld
deliv
con-
ered
to
b
p
y
t
the
instance,
receptors
w
ab
can
out
visual
the
erience
spatial
ligh
distribution
receptors
of
induced
ligh
in
t
visual
sources
b
with
using
dieren
ranscranial
t
netic
w
ulation)
a
cortical
v
can
elengths.
in
In
ermanen
mammals,
blindness
the
ha
sense
1
of
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